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Table 5 Joint effects of parental smoking on subcategories of asthma, wheeze and bronchitic symptoms

From: Household environmental tobacco smoke and risks of asthma, wheeze and bronchitic symptoms among children in Taiwan

 

Parental smoking

 

None

Dad only

Mom only

Both

  

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

Asthma

       

   Ever asthma

1

1.03

(0.81,1.32)

1.05

(0.36,3.03)

1.60

(0.86,2.96)

   Active asthma

1

1.08

(0.76,1.52)

1.62

(0.47,5.50)

1.76

(0.77,4.01)

Treatments for asthma

       

   Medication use

1

1.01

(0.68,1.51)

1.33

(0.30,5.80)

0.85

(0.25,2.82)

   ER visit or hospitalization

1

1.09

(0.60,1.96)

1.45

(0.18,11.50)

4.30

(1.57,11.80)

Wheeze

       

   Ever wheeze

1

1.06

(0.87,1.29)

1.77

(0.83,3.78)

1.81

(1.09,3.00)

   Current wheeze

1

0.85

(0.60,1.20)

2.11

(0.72,6.18)

2.74

(1.42,5.29)

   Awakened at night

1

1.39

(0.91,2.11)

3.10

(0.90,10.70)

2.23

(0.85,5.82)

Bronchitic symptoms

       

   Brochitis

1

0.94

(0.72,1.24)

0.83

(0.20,3.55)

1.97

(1.03,3.77)

   Chronic cough

1

0.97

(0.69,1.38)

4.38

(1.84,10.40)

1.55

(0.65,3.68)

   Phlegm without cold

1

1.10

(0.81,1.49)

0.37

(0.05,2.77)

2.65

(1.39,5.03)

  1. *Models are adjusted for age, sex, parental education, family history of asthma, family history of atopy, gestational age, and community.