Skip to main content

Table 1 Summary of the findings of previous studies that analyse in the same population risk factors for atopic or non atopic asthma/wheezing in children

From: Poverty, dirt, infections and non-atopic wheezing in children from a Brazilian urban center

Author, outcome, age group and study sample

Studied Variables

Atopic asthma/wheezing

Non atopic asthma/wheezing

  

Atopic asthma vs atopic non-asthma

Atopic asthma vs non-asthma irrespective of atopy

Atopic asthma vs non-atopic non-asthma

Non-atopic asthma vs non-atopic non-asthma

Non-atopic asthma" vs non-asthma irrespective of atopy

  

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI) or mean (sd) when indicated

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI) or mean (sd) when indicated

Rönmark et al, 1999 (7)

Male gender

    

1.62 (1.03-2.54)

"ever asthma" in 7-8 year olds 3,141 participants (2,149 skin tested)

Family history of asthma

 

2.95 (1.81-4.81)

  

3.63 (2.33-5.66)

 

Dampness at home

    

1.78 (1.10-2.89)

 

Mother smoker

    

1.67 (1.04-2.68)

 

Breast-feeding <3 months

    

1.80 (1.11-2.92)

 

Pets at home

 

0.60 (0.36-0.98)

   

Braun-Fahrländer et al, 2002 (20) asthma in 6-13 year olds

Endotoxin load

0.52 (0.25-1.07)c

  

1.00 (0.46-2.21)e

 
 

(units/m2 of mattress surface)

0.64 (0.33-1.25)d

  

1.82 (1.04-3.18)f

 

812 participants

Prevalence of outcome according to farming status

     
 

   Farming

3.1 (1.2-5.0)g

  

1.6 (0.2-2.9)i

 
  

4.7 (2.4-7.0)h

  

1.6 (0.2-2.9)l

 
 

   Non farming

5.9 (3.8-8.0)g

  

2.6 (1.2-5.0)i

 
  

5.9 (3.8-8.0)h

  

6.1 (4.0-8.2)l

 

Priftanji et al, 2002 (8)

Mother had asthma

 

2.45 (1.06-5.66)

   

asthmatic symptoms in 20-44 year olds

Mother smoked

    

2.66 (1.35-5.26)

717 participants

Subject ever smoked

    

1.98 (1.17-3.35)

García-Marcos et al, 2005 (9) current wheezing in 9-12 year olds 2,720 participants

Male gender

1.53 (1.09-2.14)

    
 

Paternal or maternal asthma

2.16 (1.44-3.22)

  

1.74 (1.17-2.58)

 
 

Mother smoker (1st year)

   

2.66 (1.13-6.25)

 
 

Mould stains currently

     

Kelley et al, 2005 (10) asthma in 6-16 year olds

Mean PIR (Poverty/Income ratio)m

 

2.0 vs 2.2 (P < 0.5)

   

5,244 participants

Mean education level of adult respondent (years)

 

12.4 vs 12.0 (P < 0.5)

  

12.2 vs 12.0 (P < 0.5)

 

Mean BMI percentile

    

68.5 vs 57.7 (P < 0.5)

Janson et al, 2007 (11) asthma, 13-14 year olds

BMI (per 5 units increase)

 

1.62 (1.06-2.48)

  

1.55 (1.02-2.36)

901 participants

Parental asthma

 

2.16 (1.12-4.18)

  

2.35 (1.23-4.52)

 

Early life infections

     
 

   Otitis (≥5/year)

    

1.99 (1.02-3.88)

 

   Croup

    

2.80 (1.44-5.43)

 

Cat or dog as infant

    

2.17 (1.16-4.04)

 

Window pane condensation

    

2.45 (1.11-5.40)

 

Dirty school

    

2.50 (1.28-4.89)

De Meer et al, 2009 (12) recent wheeze in 8-13 year olds 1,547 participants

High parental education

  

0.89 (0.60-1.31)

0.65 (0.43-0.99)

 

Kurukulaaratchy et al, 2010 (13) wheeze at 10 years of age 1,373 participants (1,036 skin tested)

Maternal asthma

   

4.08 (1.85-9.00)

 
 

Recurrent chest infection at 2 years

   

3.99 (1.78-8.92)

 
 

Sibling asthma

  

2.10 (1.04-4.23)

  
 

Eczema at 1 year

  

2.80 (1.01-7.80)

  
 

Rhinitis at 4 years

  

4.74 (1.61-13.47)

  
 

Male gender

  

2.73 (1.36-5.48)

  

Moncayo et al, (6) recent wheeze in 6-16 year olds 3,960 participants (3,821 skin tested)

Male gender

  

2.73 (1.44-5.16)

  
 

Heavy T. trichiura infection

  

0.24 (0.09-0.63)

  
 

Watching TV > 3 hrs/day

   

1.51 (1.06-2.16)

 
 

Maternal allergic diseases

   

3.24 (2.42-4.32)

 
 

Birth order ≥4

   

0.71 (0.57-0.88)

 
 

Age ≥ 13 years

   

0.39 (0.25-0.62)

 
  1. a OR (95% CI) for the occurrence of atopic asthma
  2. b OR (95% CI) for the occurrence of non-atopic asthma
  3. c OR (95% CI) for the occurrence of atopic asthma with increase of endotoxine load from the lowest quartile to the highest quartile (children non farming households)
  4. d OR (95% CI) for the occurrence of atopic wheeze with increase of endotoxine load from the lowest quartile to the highest quartile (children non farming households)
  5. e OR (95% CI) for the occurrence of non-atopic asthma with increase of endotoxine load from the lowest quartile to the highest quartile (children non farming households)
  6. f OR (95% CI) for the occurrence of non-atopic wheeze with increase of endotoxine load from the lowest quartile to the highest quartile (children non farming households)
  7. g atopic asthma
  8. h atopic wheeze
  9. i non-atopic asthma
  10. l non-atopic wheeze
  11. m ratio of income to the family's appropriate poverty threshold (US Census Bureau).