Table 1 General characteristics of the study groups.
From: Systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based study
COPD group (n = 324) | Reference group (n = 110) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
Male gender | 241 (74%) | 51 (46%) | < 0.0001 |
Age (years) | 64 (10) | 55 (10) | 0.0001 |
Smoking status | < 0.0001 | ||
Never smoker | 67 (21%) | 66 (60%) | |
Former smoker | 138 (43%) | 30 (27%) | |
Current smoker | 119 (37%) | 14 (13%) | |
Smoking exposure (pack-years) | 40 (25-55) | 10 (5-30) | < 0.0001 |
Body mass index (Kg/m2) | 27.9 (4.8) | 26.1 (3.4) | 0.001 |
Education level | 0.130 | ||
Less than primary school | 53 (16%) | 9 (8%) | |
Primary school | 120 (37%) | 41 (37%) | |
Secondary school | 84 (26%) | 40 (36%) | |
University degree | 62 (19%) | 20 (18%) | |
Current treatment | |||
Short-acting beta-agonist | 57 (18%) | 0 | 0.0001 |
Long-acting beta-agonist | 68 (21%) | 0 | 0.0001 |
Anticholinergic | 52 (16%) | 0 | 0.0001 |
Methylxantines | 7 (2%) | 0 | 0.127 |
Inhaled corticosteroids | 75 (23%) | 0 | 0.0001 |
Pulmonary function | |||
FVC (L) | 3.34 (1.00) | 3.96 (1.12) | < 0.0001 |
FVC (% of predicted) | 99 (22) | 119 (16) | < 0.0001 |
FEV1 (L) | 2.03 (0.67) | 3.13 (0.88) | < 0.0001 |
FEV1 (% of predicted) | 77 (19) | 115 (15) | < 0.0001 |
FEV1/FVC | 0.61 (0.08) | 0.79 (0.05) | < 0.0001 |
Postbronchodilator FVC (L) | 3.53 (1.01) | 3.95 (1.10) | < 0.0001 |
Postbronchodilator FVC (% of predicted) | 105 (21) | 119 (14) | < 0.0001 |
Postbronchodilator FEV1 (L) | 2.18 (0.69) | 3.19 (0.88) | < 0.0001 |
Postbronchodilator FEV1 (% of predicted) | 82 (20) | 117 (14) | < 0.0001 |
Postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC | 0.62 (0.08) | 0.81 (0.05) | < 0.0001 |
Distance walked in 6 minutes (m) | 450 (122) | 514 (108) | < 0.0001 |
BODE index score | < 0.0001 | ||
Quartile 1 (0-2) | 282 (90%) | 110 (100%) | |
Quartile 2 (3-4) | 19 (6%) | 0 | |
Quartile 3 (5-6) | 10 (3%) | 0 | |
Quartile 4 (7-10) | 2 (0.6%) | 0 | |
EQ-5D questionnaire | |||
VAS score | 75 (60-85) | 85 (80.0-93.8) | < 0.0001 |
Utility score | 0.91 (0.83-1.0) | 1.0 (1.0-1.0) | < 0.0001 |
SGRQ | |||
Total | 16.7 (6.2-28.6) | 1.3 (0.0-3.3) | < 0.0001 |
Symptoms | 19.6 (8.8-41.2) | 4.3 (0.0-9.5) | < 0.0001 |
Activity | 23.6 (6.0-47.7) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | < 0.0001 |
Impact | 7.6 (1.6-19.5) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | < 0.0001 |
LCADL scale | 15 (14-17) | 15 (15-15) | 0.003 |