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Table 6 Association of ERAs and COPD exacerbation

From: How air pollution influences clinical management of respiratory diseases. A case-crossover study in Milan

(A)

lag 0

lag 1

lag 2

lag 3

lag 4

lag 5

lag 0-2

↑ 3 of 5 days

 SO 2 (5 μg/m3)

1.035 (0.951-1.127)

1.105 (1.015-1.203)

1.121 (1.031-1.218)

1.116 (1.028-1.210)

1.058 (0.973-1.150)

1.085 (1.002-1.176)

1.144 (1.027-1.274)

1.092 (0.936-1.274)

 CO (1 mg/m3)

1.145 (1.019-1.286)

1.229 (1.100-1.373)

1.114 (0.994-1.249)

1.087 (0.969-1.219)

1.106 (0.984-1.243)

1.049 (0.937-1.174)

1.236 (1.080-1.415)

1.108 (0.952-1.289)

 NO 2 (10 μg/m3)

1.008 (0.989-1.026)

1.033 (1.015-1.053)

1.014 (0.996-1.033)

1.016 (0.998-1.034)

1.005 (0.988-1.023)

1.004 (0.987-1.021)

1.029 (1.005-1.052)

1.157 (1.023-1.309)

 O 3 (10 μg/m3)

0.987 (0.961-1.013)

0.957 (0.926-0.989)

0.960 (0.933-0.987)

0.969 (0.945-0.993)

0.969 (0.947-0.993)

0.985 (0.963-1.008)

0.944 (0.908-0.982)

0.864 (0.701-1.065)

 PM 10 (10 μg/m3)

1.022 (1.001-1.044

1.028 (1.006-1.049)

1.023 (1.001-1.045)

1.013 (0.993-1.035)

1.017 (0.997-1.038)

1.017 (0.997-1.037)

1.036 (1.010-1.063)

1.213 (1.046-1.407)

 PM2.5 (10 μg/m3)

1.017 (0.992-1.042)

1.023 (0.999-1.048)

1.023 (0.999-1.048)

1.015 (0.992-1.039)

1.023 (1.000-1.046)

1.020 (0.998-1.043)

1.031 (1.001-1.062)

1.096 (0.950-1.265)

 C 6 H 6 (2.6 mg/m3)

1.015 (0.926-1.111)

1.082 (0.991-1.182)

1.047 (0.957-1.145)

1.008 (0.923-1.100)

0.989 (0.903-1.084)

0.994 (0.911-1.084)

1.076 (0.962-1.203)

1.096 (0.937-1.283)

 C 7 H 8 (7.96 mg/m3)

0.997 (0.924-1.076)

1.082 (1.004-1.166)

1.031 (0.955-1.113)

1.021 (0.948-1.099)

0.970 (0.899-1.046)

0.961 (0.894-1.034)

1.061 (0.963-1.170)

0.935 (0.800-1.092)

 C 8 H 10 (4.24 mg/m3)

1.046 (0.981-1.116)

1.083 (1.016-1.155)

1.051 (0.986-1.120)

1.029 (0.967-1.095)

0.988 (0.928-1.051)

0.948 (0.892-1.009)

1.112 (1.019-1.212)

0.995 (0.868-1.141)

(B)

Age group

Gender

Race

Season

 

≤16

≥65

Males

Females

Caucasian

Others

Warm

Cold

 SO 2 (5 μg/m3)

 

1.095 (0.975-1.231)

1.193 (1.036-1.375)

1.077 (0.911-1.273)

1.139 (1.017-1.274)

1.227 (0.828-1.817)

0.905 (0.678-1.209)

1.205 (1.071-1.356)

 CO (1 mg/m3)

 

1.205 (1.041-1.395)

1.346 (1.128-1.607)

1.092 (0.886-1.348)

1.155 (1.003-1.330)

3.124 (1.845-5.289)

1.745 (1.024 2.975)

1.144 (0.990-1.323)

 NO 2 (10 μg/m3)

 

1.028 (1.003-1.054)

1.035 (1.005-1.066)

1.019 (0.983-1.056)

1.022 (0.998-1.047)

1.147 (1.048-1.256)

1.070 (1.016-1.126)

1.012 (0.985-1.039)

 O 3 (10 μg/m3)

 

0.945 (0.905- 0.986)

0.892 (0.845-0.941)

1.009 (0.952-1.069)

0.956 (0.918- 0.997)

0.820 (0.714 -0.942)

0.973 (0.921-1.028)

0.916 (0.864 (0.970)

 PM 10 (10 μg/m3)

 

1.029 (1.000-1.058)

1.049 (1.015-1.085)

1.017 (0.977-1.059)

1.036 (1.008-1.064)

1.127 (1.017-1.248)

1.133 (0.991-1.295)

1.027 (1.000-1.054)

 PM2.5 (10 μg/m3)

 

1.025 (0.992-1.058)

1.043 (1.004-1.083)

1.013 (0.967-1.061)

1.034 (1.002-1.066)

1.115 (0.995-1.251)

1.108 (0.950-1.293)

1.024 (0.993-1.055)

 C 6 H 6 (2.6 mg/m3)

 

1.070 (0.948-1.208)

1.120 (0.968-1.297)

1.016 (0.855-1.208)

1.078 (0.960-1.210)

1.443 (0.914 2.276)

0.991 (0.587-1.675)

1.065 (0.949-1.195)

 C 7 H 8 (7.96 mg/m3)

 

1.054 (0.948-1.172)

1.111 (0.978-1.263)

0.994 (0.855-1.156)

1.051 (0.949-1.163)

1.478 (0.998 2.188)

0.886 (0.628-1.250)

1.054 (0.950-1.169)

 C 8 H 10 (4.24 mg/m3)

 

1.069 (0.972-1.177)

1.166 (1.041-1.306)

1.037 (0.907-1.186)

1.041 (0.947-1.144)

1.908 (1.421 2.563)

0.959 (0.664-1.384)

1.085 (0.989-1.191)

  1. KEY: Results are expressed as Odds Ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with (A) various pollutants at various lags and (B) in various subgroups at lag 0–2 from conditional logistic regression analysis including terms for daily weather variables (1-day lag for temperature, humidity and temperature squared).