From: Tiotropium might improve survival in subjects with COPD at high risk of mortality
Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 820 | n = 2339 | n = 1022 | n = 1525 | |
Variables used in the cluster analysis | ||||
Age (yrs) | 66 (61–71) | 67 (60–72) | 63 (58–70) | 63 (56–70) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27 (24–30) | 25 (23–28) | 25 (22–29) | 25 (22–29) |
Smoking history (pack-years) | 92 (80–110) | 40 (30–50) | 60 (47–70) | 30 (20–35) |
Post-bronchodilator FEV1 (% predicted) | 49 (41–58) | 55 (47–62) | 36 (29–46) | 43 (36–51) |
SGRQ total score | 40 (31–52) | 34 (26–43) | 60 (51–70) | 55 (47–64) |
Other variables | ||||
Gender, M/F (%) | 86/14 | 75/25 | 76/23 | 65/35 |
Current smokers (%) | 28 | 29 | 34 | 29 |
Post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC (%) | 43 (36–51) | 46 (40–54) | 36 (30–45) | 40 (34–48) |
COPD duration (yrs) | 8 (4–13) | 8 (4–13) | 8 (5–14) | 9 (5–14) |
Spirometric GOLD stage, n (% cluster) (% GOLD stage) | ||||
GOLD stage 1 | 0 | 3 (0.1%) | 0 | 0 |
GOLD stage 2 | 408 (50%) (16%) | 1,616 (69%) (61%) | 192 (19%) (7%) | 432 (28%) (16%) |
GOLD stage 3 | 372 (45%) (14%) | 685 (29%) (27%) | 561 (55%) (22%) | 941 (62%) (36%) |
GOLD stage 4 | 40 (5%) (8%) | 35 (2%) (7%) | 269 (26%) (54%) | 152 (10%) (31%) |
Baseline medications (%) | ||||
LABA | 54 | 57 | 62 | 65 |
ICS | 54 | 60 | 65 | 66 |
ICS + LABA | 43 | 47 | 51 | 54 |
Anticholinergic* | 48 | 40 | 55 | 50 |
Comorbidities (%) | ||||
Coronary artery disease | 19 | 6 | 15 | 10 |
Left heart failure | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
Hypertension | 47 | 16 | 38 | 25 |
Diabetes | 13 | 5 | 10 | 7 |
Randomization group | ||||
Tiotropium/control (n) | 410/410 | 1176/1163 | 517/505 | 741/784 |