Table 3 Associations of VEGF levels with clinical manifestations

ALI/ARDS

Association of the time-course of plasma VEGF levels with patients' outcome; higher VEGF plasma levels were found in non-survivors.

Association of increased epithelial lining fluid VEGF levels with recovery.

[27]

[28]

Asthma

Negative correlation of increased VEGF levels in asthmatic patients with the degree of airway obstruction.

[4, 36]

COPD

Negative correlation between VEGF concentrations in sputum samples with airflow limitation (as expressed by FEV₁) in patients with chronic bronchitis.

Positive correlation of sputum VEGF levels with FEV₁ and gas exchange (as measured by the DL_CO) in patients with emphysema.

[45]

Obstructive sleep apnea

Correlation of circulating VEGF levels with the severity of OSA (as expressed by the apnea-hypopnea index) and with the degree of nocturnal desaturations.

[25, 53]

[55]

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Correlation of plasma VEGF levels of with the extent of parenchymal involvement in HRCT.

Correlation of VEGF concentrations in BAL fluid with DL_CO.

[59]

[60-62]

Tuberculosis

Higher serum VEGF levels in TB patients without cavitary lesions compared to those with typical chest cavities.

[70]

Lung Cancer

Correlation of the expression of VEGF with tumor size.

[98]

Patients with higher serum VEGF levels had lower survival compared to patients with lower VEGF levels.

[96, 100-103]