From: A multivariate analysis of serum nutrient levels and lung function
Nutrient | Model as | Model 1* | Model 2†| Model 3‡ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | β coeff | 95% CI | β coeff | 95% CI | β coeff | 95% CI |
Vitamin A (μmol/L) | Per SD change | 42.6 | 32.4 to 52.9 | 31.2 | 21.8 to 40.5 | 33.1 | 23.7 to 42.6 |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | p < 0.001 |
Alpha-carotene (μmol/L) | Per SD change | 23.7 | 6.4 to 41.1 |  |  |  |  |
Beta-carotene (μmol/L) | Per SD change | 25.5 | 16.3 to 34.7 |  |  |  |  |
Beta-cryptoxanthin (μmol/L) | ≤ 0.09 | reference |  | reference |  | reference |  |
 | 0.10 – 0.13 | 44.9 | 19.4 to 70.4 | 20.9 | -3.4 to 45.3 | 26.4 | -0.3 to 53.0 |
 | 0.14 – 0.18 | 93.6 | 68.0 to 119.3 | 57.1 | 31.2 to 82.9 | 57.1 | 30.8 to 83.5 |
 | 0.19 – 0.25 | 94.6 | 63.4 to 125.9 | 50.7 | 22.6 to 78.8 | 60.4 | 25.7 to 95.0 |
 | ≥ 0.26 | 110.7 | 78.2 to 143.2 | 52.3 | 22.1 to 82.5 | 66.3 | 31.5 to 101.6 |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | p = 0.004 |
Lutein/Zeaxanthin (μmol/L) | Per SD change | 29.2 | 16.2 to 42.3 | 14.1 | 4.6 to 23.6 | 8.6 | -1.5 to 18.6 |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | p = 0.092 |
Lycopene (μmol/L)) | ≤ 0.22 | reference |  | reference |  | reference |  |
 | 0.23 – 0.34 | 52.8 | 25.1 to 80.6 | 35.9 | 11.3 to 60.5 | 33.8 | 5.2 to 62.5 |
 | 0.35 – 0.43 | 63.7 | 39.8 to 87.6 | 39.2 | 12.1 to 66.2 | 35.6 | 10.0 to 61.1 |
 | 0.44 – 0.58 | 70.5 | 40.1 to 100.9 | 40.0 | 13.4 to 66.5 | 36.9 | 7.9 to 65.9 |
 | ≥ 0.59 | 88.0 | 59.9 to 116.2 | 48.9 | 19.9 to 77.9 | 54.3 | 25.0 to 83.6 |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | p = 0.01 |
Retinyl Esters (μmol/L) | Per SD change | 23.5 | 11.9 to 35.0 |  |  |  |  |
Vitamin B12 (pmol/L) | ≤ 239.1 | reference |  |  |  |  |  |
 | 239.2 – 304.0 | 4.4 | -30.2 to 39.1 |  |  |  |  |
 | 304.1 – 374.8 | -9.3 | -43.7 to 25.0 |  |  |  |  |
 | 374.9 – 478.1 | -7.2 | -42.0 to 27.5 |  |  |  |  |
 | ≥ 478.2 | -29.7 | -64.5 to 5.2 |  |  |  |  |
Vitamin C (mmol/L) | Per SD change | 38.1 | 28.1 to 48.0 | 17.0 | 6.8 to 27.3 | 17.9 | 7.5 to 28.2 |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | p < 0.001 |
Vitamin E (μmol/L) | Per SD change | 45.6 | 32.9 to 58.3 | 23.1 | 11.5 to 34.7 | 25.3 | 12.3 to 38.4 |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | p < 0.001 |
Selenium (nmol/L) | ≤ 1.4 | reference |  | reference |  | reference |  |
 | 1.41 – 1.5 | 50.0 | 23.5 to 76.6 | 40.5 | 15.5 to 65.5 | 43.4 | 13.6 to 73.1 |
 | 1.51 – 1.6 | 61.1 | 33.8 to 88.4 | 48.5 | 23.8 to 73.3 | 57.0 | 29.5 to 84.5 |
 | 1.61 – 1.73 | 89.9 | 61.1 to 118.7 | 73.1 | 48.0 to 98.3 | 76.7 | 47.1 to 106.4 |
 | ≥ 1.74 | 80.4 | 50.5 to 110.2 | 60.1 | 34.0 to 86.2 | 68.6 | 34.8 to 102.4 |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.002 |