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Table 3 Difference in FEV1 for a one SD or quintile increase in antioxidants

From: A multivariate analysis of serum nutrient levels and lung function

Nutrient

Model as

Model 1*

Model 2†

Model 3‡

  

β coeff

95% CI

β coeff

95% CI

β coeff

95% CI

Vitamin A (μmol/L)

Per SD change

42.6

32.4 to 52.9

31.2

21.8 to 40.5

33.1

23.7 to 42.6

       

p < 0.001

Alpha-carotene (μmol/L)

Per SD change

23.7

6.4 to 41.1

    

Beta-carotene (μmol/L)

Per SD change

25.5

16.3 to 34.7

    

Beta-cryptoxanthin (μmol/L)

≤ 0.09

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 
 

0.10 – 0.13

44.9

19.4 to 70.4

20.9

-3.4 to 45.3

26.4

-0.3 to 53.0

 

0.14 – 0.18

93.6

68.0 to 119.3

57.1

31.2 to 82.9

57.1

30.8 to 83.5

 

0.19 – 0.25

94.6

63.4 to 125.9

50.7

22.6 to 78.8

60.4

25.7 to 95.0

 

≥ 0.26

110.7

78.2 to 143.2

52.3

22.1 to 82.5

66.3

31.5 to 101.6

       

p = 0.004

Lutein/Zeaxanthin (μmol/L)

Per SD change

29.2

16.2 to 42.3

14.1

4.6 to 23.6

8.6

-1.5 to 18.6

       

p = 0.092

Lycopene (μmol/L))

≤ 0.22

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 
 

0.23 – 0.34

52.8

25.1 to 80.6

35.9

11.3 to 60.5

33.8

5.2 to 62.5

 

0.35 – 0.43

63.7

39.8 to 87.6

39.2

12.1 to 66.2

35.6

10.0 to 61.1

 

0.44 – 0.58

70.5

40.1 to 100.9

40.0

13.4 to 66.5

36.9

7.9 to 65.9

 

≥ 0.59

88.0

59.9 to 116.2

48.9

19.9 to 77.9

54.3

25.0 to 83.6

       

p = 0.01

Retinyl Esters (μmol/L)

Per SD change

23.5

11.9 to 35.0

    

Vitamin B12 (pmol/L)

≤ 239.1

reference

     
 

239.2 – 304.0

4.4

-30.2 to 39.1

    
 

304.1 – 374.8

-9.3

-43.7 to 25.0

    
 

374.9 – 478.1

-7.2

-42.0 to 27.5

    
 

≥ 478.2

-29.7

-64.5 to 5.2

    

Vitamin C (mmol/L)

Per SD change

38.1

28.1 to 48.0

17.0

6.8 to 27.3

17.9

7.5 to 28.2

       

p < 0.001

Vitamin E (μmol/L)

Per SD change

45.6

32.9 to 58.3

23.1

11.5 to 34.7

25.3

12.3 to 38.4

       

p < 0.001

Selenium (nmol/L)

≤ 1.4

reference

 

reference

 

reference

 
 

1.41 – 1.5

50.0

23.5 to 76.6

40.5

15.5 to 65.5

43.4

13.6 to 73.1

 

1.51 – 1.6

61.1

33.8 to 88.4

48.5

23.8 to 73.3

57.0

29.5 to 84.5

 

1.61 – 1.73

89.9

61.1 to 118.7

73.1

48.0 to 98.3

76.7

47.1 to 106.4

 

≥ 1.74

80.4

50.5 to 110.2

60.1

34.0 to 86.2

68.6

34.8 to 102.4

       

0.002

  1. *Model 1- Adjusted for age, sex, height, smoking (status and packyears), BMI, race/ethnicity and fat-soluble vitamins adjusted for cholesterol and triglycerides, considering the nutrients individually
  2. †Model 2- Adjusted for covariates listed under Model 1, as well as for all nutrients with statistically significant associations with lung function in a mutually adjusted model. Number of participants in model = 14120
  3. ‡Model 3- Adjusted for all covariates and nutrients in Model 1 & 2 and additionally adjusted for minerals and other nutrients found to be significantly associated with lung function (model 2) in Table 4. Number of participants in model = 12657