Table 7 Multivariable regression of risk factors associated with COPD prevalence in Peru, stratified by sex (n = 2930)

Age (per 10 years)

1.65

1.42–1.92

<0.001

2.51

1.86–3.38

<0.001

High altitude vs. sea-level

1.13

1.06–1.21

<0.001

1.44

1.05–1.99

0.02

≥10 pack-years of smoking

1.80

1.40–2.32

<0.001

2.39

0.59–9.63

0.22

Urbanization

 Urban

1.00

1.00

 Semi-Urban

0.52

0.43–0.64

<0.001

0.66

0.53–0.82

<0.001

 Rural

1.01

0.74–1.37

0.97

1.71

1.47–1.99

<0.001

Post-treatment pulmonary tuberculosis

3.12

2.02–4.83

<0.001

7.02

3.63–13.59

<0.001

Asthma

2.16

1.11–4.23

0.02

2.30

1.12–4.72

0.02

Biomass use at least once daily

1.08

0.55–2.11

0.82

2.22

1.02–4.81

0.04

Wealth index

 Low

1.00

1.00

 Middle

1.02

0.69–1.52

0.91

1.78

0.52–6.00

0.36

 High

0.68

0.39–1.19

0.18

1.44

0.54–3.86

0.47