Prenatal fine particulate exposure associated with reduced childhood lung function and nasal epithelia GSTP1 hypermethylation: Sex-specific effects

Table 1 ACCESS participant characteristics

	Included in spirometry analysis		Included in GSTP1 analysis
	(n = 171)		(n = 131)
Prenatal PM_2.5 level (μg/m³; median, IQR) ^a	10.9	10.2─11.7	11.0	10.2─11.8
Child sex (n, %)
Girls	82	48.0	63	48.1
Boys	89	52.1	68	51.9
Race/Ethnicity (n, %)
Black	39	22.8	28	21.4
Hispanic	112	65.5	85	64.9
White/Other	20	11.7	18	13.7
Maternal education (n, %)
> 12 yrs	57	33.3	53	40.5
≤ 12 yrs	114	66.7	78	59.5
Child age at spirometry measure (yr; mean, SD)	6.9	0.8	6.9	0.8
Maternal age at enrollment (yr; mean, SD)	27.2	5.7	27.6	5.7
Pre- and postnatal smoking status (n, %) ^b
Never smoked	122	71.4	95	72.5
Smoked prenatally, but not postnatally	14	8.2	11	8.4
Did not smoke prenatally, but smoked postnatally	24	14.0	16	12.2
Smoked both pre- and postnatally	11	6.4	9	6.9
Child asthma status (n, %)
No	144	84.2	109	83.2
Yes	27	15.8	22	16.8
Spirometry outcomes
FEV₁ raw value (L; mean, SD)	1.44	0.25	1.42	0.25
FVC raw value (L; mean, SD)	1.58	0.29	1.55	0.28
FEV₁/FVC ratio (mean, SD)	0.92	0.05	0.92	0.05
FEF_25–75 raw value (L/s; mean, SD)	1.87	0.46	1.88	0.46
z-score of FEV₁ (mean, SD) ^c	0.01	0.99	0.00	1.03
z-score of FVC (mean, SD) ^c	−0.04	0.99	−0.06	1.02
z-score of FEV₁/FVC ratio (mean, SD) ^c	0.04	1.00	0.06	0.98
z-score of FEF_25–75 (mean, SD) ^c	0.08	0.96	0.07	0.98

^aAveraged over entire pregnancy
^bCombination of prenatal maternal smoking and postnatal household smoking status
^cAdjusted for age, sex, height, race

ISSN: 1465-993X