Prenatal fine particulate exposure associated with reduced childhood lung function and nasal epithelia GSTP1 hypermethylation: Sex-specific effects

Table 4 Sex-stratified associations between GSTP1%methylation^a (%m) and childhood PFT z-scores^b: Linear regression^c

Spirometry (z-scores)	Girls (low n = 65; high, n = 16)			Boys (low n = 67, high n = 17)			p-interaction
Spirometry (z-scores)	Β	s.e.	p	β	s.e.	p	p-interaction
FEV ₁
GSTP1%m low	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
GSTP1%m high	−0.26	0.29	0.38	−0.56	0.29	0.05	0.37
FVC
GSTP1%m low	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
GSTP1%m high	−0.14	0.28	0.61	−0.31	0.31	0.32	0.53
FEV ₁ /FVC
GSTP1%m low	Ref	–	–	Ref	–
GSTP1%m high	−0.15	0.23	0.51	−0.38	0.33	0.26	0.67
FEF _25–75
GSTP1%m low	Ref	–	–	Ref	–	–
GSTP1%m high	−0.26	0.27	0.34	−0.54	0.28	0.06	0.54

^aGSTP1 average methylation ≥3.02 vs < 3.02; dichotomized around 4th quartile
^bPFT z-scores adjusted for age, sex, height, race
^cMultivariable-adjusted linear regressions additionally adjusted for maternal age and education predicting PFT z-scores (dependent variables)

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