Cell type | General function | Actions in inflammation resolution | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Neutrophils | Phagocytosis Pro-inflammation NETosis | Accelerate cytokines and chemokines secretion Apoptosis NETosis Egress to Lymph node | |
Macrophages | PRR Phagocytosis Efferocytosis | M2 formation Effercytosis Secrete pro-inflammation cytokines, such as IL-10, TGF-β Egress to Lymph nodes Promote SPMs, including resolvins, maresins, protectins formation | |
Eosinophils | Phagocytosis Cytotoxic substances | IL-4, IL-13 secretion Lipoxin A4 production | [46] |
Mast cells | Secretion of vasoactive substances | Mediators secretion | [51] |
DCs | Sensing DAMPs PRR | TGF-b, IL-10 secretion Inhibits migration Maintain the homeostasis after inflammation resolute | |
ILC2 | Produce type 2 cytokines Express surface markers and receptors for chemokine | Inhibits IL-13 secretion, Express the chemokine receptors CXCR6 and CCR9 IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) to induce inflammation formation and eosinophilic infiltration | |
Epithelial cells | Physical barrier Mucociliary clearance | Maintain mucosal integrity and to modulate local immune responses Decrease and limit pro-inflammatory mediators and proteins Increases proliferation after acid injury and promote tissue repair Immune regulator | |
Endothelial cells | Regulation transduction and exudation | Inhibits TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-18 secretion Blocks the generation of reactive oxygen species | [51] |
Fibroblasts | Tissue support Cytokine secretion | Growth factors inducement Inhibits CTGF-induced proliferation |