Table 2 Distributions of lifestyles- and dietary-related factors between study participants with COPD and without COPD
Variables | Frequency matching | Propensity-score matching | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | Control | p-values | Case | Control | p-values | |
n = 654 | n = 2,616 | n = 451 | n = 1,804 | |||
Smoking | ||||||
 Never | 498 (76.62) | 2120 (81.76) | 0.0030 | 340 (75.56) | 1478 (82.11) | 0.0016 |
 Ever | 152 (23.38) | 473 (18.24) |  | 110 (24.44) | 322 (17.89) |  |
Alcohol drinking | ||||||
 No | 525 (80.89) | 2192 (84.54) | 0.0243 | 370 (82.59) | 1539 (85.60) | 0.1109 |
 Yes | 124 (19.11) | 401 (15.46) |  | 78 (17.41) | 259 (14.40) |  |
Tea drinking | ||||||
 No | 465 (71.76) | 1824 (70.51) | 0.5307 | 302 (67.41) | 1232 (68.67) | 0.6070 |
 Yes | 183 (28.24) | 763 (29.49) |  | 146 (32.59) | 562 (31.33) |  |
Coffee drinking | ||||||
 No | 604 (93.21) | 2382 (92.22) | 0.3939 | 418 (93.30) | 1639 (91.36) | 0.1811 |
 Yes | 44 (6.79) | 201 (7.78) |  | 30 (6.70) | 155 (8.64) |  |
Betel consumption | ||||||
 No | 575 (89.01) | 2396 (92.51) | 0.0037 | 397 (88.62) | 1660 (92.27) | 0.0128 |
 Yes | 71 (10.99) | 194 (7.49) |  | 51 (11.38) | 139 (7.73) |  |
Sugary drink (bottle/week) | ||||||
  < 3 | 574 (92.13) | 2219 (90.53) | 0.2191 | 405 (93.75) | 1593 (92.40) | 0.4827 |
 3–7 | 37 (5.94) | 153 (6.24) |  | 20 (4.63) | 87 (5.05) |  |
  ≥ 7 | 12 (1.93) | 79 (3.22) |  | 7 (1.62) | 44 (2.55) |  |
Vegetables consumption (bowl /day) | ||||||
  < 1 | 258 (39.81) | 970 (37.39) | 0.3079 | 180 (40.00) | 648 (36.06) | 0.2776 |
 1–3 | 331 (51.08) | 1411 (54.39) |  | 231 (51.33) | 994 (55.31) |  |
  ≥ 3 | 59 (9.10) | 213 (8.21) |  | 39 (8.67) | 155 (8.63) |  |
Fruit consumption (bowl /day) | ||||||
  < 1 | 391 (60.25) | 1506 (58.06) | 0.5457 | 269 (59.65) | 1023 (56.93) | 0.5533 |
 1–3 | 218 (33.59) | 931 (35.89) |  | 154 (34.15) | 662 (36.84) |  |
  ≥ 3 | 40 (6.16) | 157 (6.05) |  | 28 (6.21) | 112 (6.23) |  |