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  1. Asthma prevalence has increased over the last fifty years, but the more recent changes have not been conclusively determined. Studies in children indicate that a plateau in the prevalence of asthma may have be...

    Authors: Jan Lötvall, Linda Ekerljung, Erik P Rönmark, Göran Wennergren, Anders Lindén, Eva Rönmark, Kjell Torén and Bo Lundbäck
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:94
  2. Allergic asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and allergic inflammation of the airways, driven by allergen-specific Th2 cells. The asthma phenotypes and especially AHR are sensitive to t...

    Authors: Alexandre C Motta, Joost LM Vissers, Renée Gras, Betty CAM Van Esch, Antoon JM Van Oosterhout and Martijn C Nawijn
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:93
  3. Adult mice have a remarkable capacity to regenerate functional alveoli following either lung resection or injury that exceeds the regenerative capacity observed in larger adult mammals. The molecular basis for...

    Authors: Julia A Paxson, Christopher D Parkin, Lakshmanan K Iyer, Melissa R Mazan, Edward P Ingenito and Andrew M Hoffman
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:92
  4. Pulmonary surfactant reduces surface tension and is present at the air-liquid interface in the alveoli where inhaled nanoparticles preferentially deposit. We investigated the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nan...

    Authors: Carsten Schleh, Christian Mühlfeld, Karin Pulskamp, Andreas Schmiedl, Matthias Nassimi, Hans D Lauenstein, Armin Braun, Norbert Krug, Veit J Erpenbeck and Jens M Hohlfeld
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:90
  5. Human Bronchial epithelial cells (hu-BEC) have been claimed to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory airway diseases like COPD. In this context IL-8 and GM-CSF have been shown to ...

    Authors: Gregor S Zimmermann, Claus Neurohr, Heidrun Villena-Hermoza, Rudolf Hatz and Juergen Behr
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:89
  6. Airway smooth muscle contributes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases by secreting inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-8 (IL-8). IL-8 production is in part regulated via activation of Gq-and Gs-couple...

    Authors: Sara S Roscioni, Loes EM Kistemaker, Mark H Menzen, Carolina RS Elzinga, Reinoud Gosens, Andrew J Halayko, Herman Meurs and Martina Schmidt
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:88
  7. Autosomal dominant inheritance of germline mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) gene are a major risk factor for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While previous studies demons...

    Authors: Eric D Austin, John A Phillips, Joy D Cogan, Rizwan Hamid, Chang Yu, Krista C Stanton, Charles A Phillips, Lisa A Wheeler, Ivan M Robbins, John H Newman and James E Loyd
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:87
  8. Rhinovirus (RV) associated early wheezing has been recognized as an independent risk factor for asthma. The risk is more important than that associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease. No compar...

    Authors: Tuomas Jartti, Maria Paul-Anttila, Pasi Lehtinen, Vilhelmiina Parikka, Tytti Vuorinen, Olli Simell and Olli Ruuskanen
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:85
  9. Bacterial genome is characterized by frequent unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motifs. Deleterious effects can occur when synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) with unmethylated CpG dinucleotides ...

    Authors: Sadatomo Tasaka, Hirofumi Kamata, Keisuke Miyamoto, Yasushi Nakano, Hiromi Shinoda, Yoshifumi Kimizuka, Hiroshi Fujiwara, Naoki Hasegawa, Seitaro Fujishima, Taku Miyasho and Akitoshi Ishizaka
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:84
  10. Neonatal lung injury, a leading cause of morbidity in prematurely born infants, has been associated with arrested alveolar development and is often accompanied by goblet cell hyperplasia. Genes that regulate a...

    Authors: Jie Lan, Leslie Ribeiro, Isabel Mandeville, Katia Nadeau, Tim Bao, Salomon Cornejo, Neil B Sweezey and Feige Kaplan
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:83
  11. Cigarette smoke (CS) is the main cause in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the pathogenesis of which is related to an extended inflammatory response. In this study, we investiga...

    Authors: Nadia D Sdralia, Alexandra L Patmanidi, Athanassios D Velentzas, Loukas H Margaritis, George E Baltatzis, Dimitris G Hatzinikolaou and Anastasia Stavridou
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:82
  12. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem. The aim of this study was to identify genes involved in emphysema severity in COPD patients.

    Authors: Santiyagu M Savarimuthu Francis, Jill E Larsen, Sandra J Pavey, Rayleen V Bowman, Nicholas K Hayward, Kwun M Fong and Ian A Yang
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:81
  13. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronically progressive interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology. Previously, we have demonstrated the selective upregulation of the macrophage-derived chemokine C...

    Authors: Yurika Yogo, Seitaro Fujishima, Takashi Inoue, Fumitake Saito, Takayuki Shiomi, Kazuhiro Yamaguchi and Akitoshi Ishizaka
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:80
  14. To determine if nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation may be a key factor in lung inflammation and respiratory dysfunction, we investigated whether NF-κB can be blocked by intratracheal administration of NF-κB ...

    Authors: Yu-Tao Li, Bei He, Yu-Zhu Wang and Jing Wang
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:79
  15. Analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a non-invasive method for studying the acidity (pH) of airway secretions in patients with inflammatory lung diseases.

    Authors: Rembert Koczulla, Silvano Dragonieri, Robert Schot, Robert Bals, Stefanie A Gauw, Claus Vogelmeier, Klaus F Rabe, Peter J Sterk and Pieter S Hiemstra
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:78
  16. A precise balance exists between the actions of endogenous glucocorticoids (GC) and retinoids to promote normal lung development, in particular during alveolarization. The mechanisms controlling this balance a...

    Authors: Huayan Zhang, Samuel J Garber, Zheng Cui, Joseph P Foley, Gopi S Mohan, Minesh Jobanputra, Feige Kaplan, Neil B Sweezey, Linda W Gonzales and Rashmin C Savani
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:77
  17. Cigarette smoking may contribute to pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by altering the structure and function of pulmonary vessels at early disease stages. The objectives of this s...

    Authors: Elisabet Ferrer, Víctor Ivo Peinado, Marta Díez, Josep Lluís Carrasco, Melina Mara Musri, Anna Martínez, Robert Rodríguez-Roisin and Joan Albert Barberà
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:76
  18. Computed tomography (CT) lung densitometry has been demonstrated to be the most sensitive and specific outcome measure for the assessment of emphysema-modifying therapy, but the optimum densitometric index has...

    Authors: David G Parr, Asger Dirksen, Eeva Piitulainen, Chunqin Deng, Marion Wencker and Robert A Stockley
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:75
  19. Upper airway collapse does not occur during wake in obstructive sleep apnea patients. This points to wake-related compensatory mechanisms, and possibly to a modified corticomotor control of upper airway dilato...

    Authors: Frédéric Sériès, Wei Wang and Thomas Similowski
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:74
  20. The metabolism of xenobiotics plays an essential role in smoking related lung function loss and development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Like 2 (NFE2L2 or NRF2) and its ...

    Authors: Mateusz Siedlinski, Dirkje S Postma, Jolanda MA Boer, Gerrit van der Steege, Jan P Schouten, Henriette A Smit and H Marike Boezen
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:73
  21. The assessment of bronchodilator-induced change in forced vital capacity (FVC) is dependent on forced expiratory time (FET) in subjects with airflow limitation. Limited information is available on the concurre...

    Authors: Annette Kainu, Ari Lindqvist, Seppo Sarna, Bo Lundbäck and Anssi Sovijärvi
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:71
  22. Protective host responses to respiratory pathogens are typically characterized by inflammation. However, lung inflammation is not always protective and it may even become deleterious to the host. We have recen...

    Authors: Cecilia G Clement, Michael J Tuvim, Christopher M Evans, Daniel M Tuvin, Burton F Dickey and Scott E Evans
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:70
  23. The clinical effects of mucolytics in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are discussed controversially. Cineole is the main constituent of eucalyptus oil and mainly used in inflammatory...

    Authors: Heinrich Worth, Christian Schacher and Uwe Dethlefsen
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:69
  24. Although fungi have been implicated as initiating/deteriorating factors for allergic asthma, their contributing components have not been fully elucidated. We previously isolated soluble β-glucan from Candida albi...

    Authors: Ken-ichiro Inoue, Hirohisa Takano, Eiko Koike, Rie Yanagisawa, Toshio Oda, Hiroshi Tamura, Yoshiyuki Adachi, Ken-ichi Ishibashi and Naohito Ohno
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:68
  25. Glucocorticoid function is dependent on efficient translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of cells. Importin-13 (IPO13) is a nuclear transport receptor that mediates...

    Authors: Benjamin A Raby, Kristel Van Steen, Jessica Lasky-Su, Kelan Tantisira, Feige Kaplan and Scott T Weiss
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:67
  26. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and its receptor, NPRA, have been extensively studied in terms of cardiovascular effects. We have found that the ANP-NPRA signaling pathway is also involved in airway allergic ...

    Authors: Xiaoqin Wang, Weidong Xu, Xiaoyuan Kong, Dongqing Chen, Gary Hellermann, Terry A Ahlert, Joseph D Giaimo, Stephania A Cormier, Xu Li, Richard F Lockey, Subhra Mohapatra and Shyam S Mohapatra
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:66
  27. Aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of inflammatory markers procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocyte count (WBC) with microbiological etiology of CAP.

    Authors: Stefan Krüger, Santiago Ewig, Jana Papassotiriou, Jan Kunde, Reinhard Marre, Heike von Baum, Norbert Suttor and Tobias Welte
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:65
  28. Previously we showed that reduced availability of the essential amino acid tryptophan per se attenuates post-transcriptional control of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 leading to hyperresponsive production of thes...

    Authors: Xiao-Yun Fan, Arjen van den Berg, Mieke Snoek, Laurens G van der Flier, Barbara Smids, Henk M Jansen, Rong-Yu Liu and René Lutter
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:62
  29. Unrestrained plethysmography has been used to monitor bronchoconstriction because of its ease of use and ability to measure airway responsiveness in conscious animals. However, its reliability remains controve...

    Authors: Qingling Zhang, Kefang Lai, Jiaxing Xie, Guoqin Chen and Nanshan Zhong
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:61
  30. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a C-type lectin involved in surfactant homeostasis as well as host defense in the lung. We have recently demonstrated that SP-A enhances the killing of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (...

    Authors: Joseph P Lopez, David J Vigerust and Virginia L Shepherd
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:60
  31. The efficacy of inhaled salmeterol plus fluticasone propionate (SFC) in patients with severe or very severe COPD is well documented. However, there are only limited data about the influence of GOLD severity st...

    Authors: Christine R Jenkins, Paul W Jones, Peter MA Calverley, Bartolome Celli, Julie A Anderson, Gary T Ferguson, Julie C Yates, Lisa R Willits and Jörgen Vestbo
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:59
  32. Apoptosis of lymphocytes is important in the termination of an immune response to infection but has also been shown to have detrimental effects in animal models of systemic infection and sepsis. We sought to c...

    Authors: Xin Shi, Nicole J LeCapitaine, Xiaowen L Rudner, Sanbao Ruan and Judd E Shellito
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:57
  33. To investigate the relationship between soy consumption, COPD risk and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, a case-control study was conducted in Japan.

    Authors: Fumi Hirayama, Andy H Lee, Colin W Binns, Yun Zhao, Tetsuo Hiramatsu, Yoshimasa Tanikawa, Koichi Nishimura and Hiroyuki Taniguchi
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:56
  34. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been proposed to be involved in pulmonary fibrosis, but its role in this process has not been fully understood. To investigate the role of AGE formation in pulmonary...

    Authors: Lei Chen, Tao Wang, Xun Wang, Bei-Bei Sun, Ji-Qiong Li, Dai-Shun Liu, Shang-Fu Zhang, Lin Liu, Dan Xu, Ya-Juan Chen and Fu-Qiang Wen
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:55
  35. There is mounting evidence that perforin and granzymes are important mediators in the lung destruction seen in COPD. We investigated the characteristics of the three main perforin and granzyme containing perip...

    Authors: Richard A Urbanowicz, Jonathan R Lamb, Ian Todd, Jonathan M Corne and Lucy C Fairclough
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:53
  36. The concurrent management of allergic rhinitis and asthma (ARA) has been recommended by Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines. However, a tool capable of assessing simultaneously the con...

    Authors: Luis Nogueira-Silva, Sonia V Martins, Ricardo Cruz-Correia, Luis F Azevedo, Mario Morais-Almeida, António Bugalho-Almeida, Marianela Vaz, Altamiro Costa-Pereira and Joao A Fonseca
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:52
  37. Excessive oxidative stress has been reported to be generated in inflamed tissues and contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory lung diseases, exacerbations of which induced by viral infections are associa...

    Authors: Satoru Yanagisawa, Akira Koarai, Hisatoshi Sugiura, Tomohiro Ichikawa, Masae Kanda, Rie Tanaka, Keiichiro Akamatsu, Tsunahiko Hirano, Kazuto Matsunaga, Yoshiaki Minakata and Masakazu Ichinose
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:50
  38. Asthma is an increasing global health burden, especially in the western world. Public health interventions are sought to lessen its prevalence or severity, and diet and nutrition have been identified as potent...

    Authors: June-Ho Kim, Philippa E Ellwood and M Innes Asher
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:49
  39. Inhaled steroid resistance is an obstacle to asthma control in asthmatic smokers. The reasons of this phenomenon are not yet entirely understood. Interaction of drug particles with environmental tobacco smoke ...

    Authors: Giovanni Invernizzi, Ario Ruprecht, Cinzia De Marco, Roberto Mazza, Gabriele Nicolini and Roberto Boffi
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:48
  40. Myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (mDCs, pDC) are crucial to the immune system, detecting microorganisms and linking the innate and adaptive immunity. pDC are present in small quantities in tissues that...

    Authors: Esmaeil Mortaz, Zsofia Lazar, Leo Koenderman, Aletta D Kraneveld, Frans P Nijkamp and Gert Folkerts
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:47
  41. The aim of this study was to examine potential therapeutic effect of the two NO donors NCX 2057 (3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid) 4-(nitrooxy)butyl ester) and SNP (sodium nitroprusside) on the e...

    Authors: Anna-Karin Larsson, Magnus Bäck, Jon O Lundberg and Sven-Erik Dahlén
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:46
  42. The purpose of our study was to examine the association of prior outpatient use of statins and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on mortality for subjects ≥ 65 years of age hospitalized with acute...

    Authors: Eric M Mortensen, Laurel A Copeland, Mary Jo V Pugh, Marcos I Restrepo, Rosa Malo de Molina, Brandy Nakashima and Antonio Anzueto
    Citation: Respiratory Research 2009 10:45

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