Fig. 5

A lack of overt cytopathic effects in HAE cultures following FANA-R8-9 aptamer treatment. To quantify aptamer-induced cytopathic effects, HAE cultures were first inoculated with the indicated treatments at 0, 24, and 48 h, (as outlined in Fig. 2A). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released into the apical compartment was then quantified at 72 h and cell death was calculated as a percent of the average total cell lysis control (A). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was then determined in the same cultures (B) prior to fixation. Individual biological replicates from two experiments are shown in A and B (n = 3–4 replicates per condition, per donor; 3 donors) with the bar representing the mean ± SEM. Experimental results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and data are non-significant (NS) or significant (****p < 0.0001) where indicated. C Representative histological cross-sections of HAE cultures fixed after TEER measurement for one donor. H&E counterstain. Scale bar = 20 μm