Table 1 Summarizing the impact of airway nerves on targeted cells in allergic airway diseases

Sympathetic nerves

Allergic asthma

Airway smooth muscle cells

Bronchodilation

[29, 30]

ILC2

Reduce type 2 cytokine and attenuate lung inflammation

[31]

Allergic rhinitis

Vascular smooth muscle cell

Vasoconstriction

[57]

Parasympathetic nerves

Allergic asthma

Airway smooth muscle cells

Bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation

[32, 42]

Epithelial cells, Macrophages, Eosinophils

Mucus secretion

Inhibit airway hyperresponsiveness

and airway inflammation

Upregulate IL-5 and IL-13, promotes

the accumulation of eosinophils

[34, 43,44,45,46]

ILC2s

Reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines production

[36,37,38]

Allergic rhinitis

Eosinophils, Lymphocytes

Recruit eosinophils

[64]

Vascular smooth muscle cell

Vasodilation

[65]

Sensory nerves and neuroendocrine cells

Allergic asthma

Smooth muscle cell

Bronchoconstriction, vasodilation,

and increased mucus secretion

[47]

Allergic rhinitis

Vasodilation in the nasal mucosa, plasma extravasation, and glandular secretion

[66, 67, 69]

Allergic asthma

Mast cell, ILC2s, Eosinophils, Monocytes Dendritic cells, Macrophages,

Release pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and recruit immune cells

Affect the antigen presentation function

of DCs

[27, 28, 48,49,50,51,52,53]

Allergic rhinitis

 Neutrophils

Release pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and recruit immune cells

[68]