Fig. 1

Negative regulation on the NF-ĸB pathway by the CD24-Siglec-10 axis. EXO-CD24 combine advantages of both exosomes as a novel drug delivery platform and CD24 as a potent immune checkpoint surveillance molecule. CD24 interacts with both DAMPs and Siglec 10. CD24’s link to DAMPs prevents them from binding to PRRs, such as the TLR, therefore inhibiting the NF-ĸB pathway that induces the cytokine storm. At the same time, the CD24-Siglec 10 axis negatively regulates the activity of NF-ĸB through ITIM domains associated with SHP-1. While CD24 interacts with DAMPs and Siglec 10, it does not affect immune recognition through PAMPs, thereby allowing the innate immune response to achieve viral clearance. CD24 cluster of differentiation 24, DAMPs damage-associated molecular patterns, ITIM immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif, NF-κΒ nuclear factor-κΒ, PAMPs pathogen-associated molecular patterns, Siglec 10 sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 10, SHP-1 SRC homology 2-domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1, TLR toll-like receptor. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 7 September 2022)