From: Novel insights and new therapeutic potentials for macrophages in pulmonary hypertension
Studies | Year | Models | Main results | Role of macrophage in PH |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wu et al. [77] | 2023 | Rat model (hypoxia) | STING was mainly colocalized with CD68+ macrophages. STING inhibition prevented the overactivation of NLRP3 signalling and macrophage activation in rat models. | Macrophage activation in PH. |
Chi et al. [96] | 2022 | Rat model (MCT, hypoxia) | Elevated MMP-1 and MMP-10 in M1 macrophages. MMP-10 promoted proliferative and pro-migratory phenotypes of VSMCs. | Macrophage regulates VSMC behavior in PH. |
Jeong et al. [97] | 2022 | Mouse model (hypoxia) | Inhibition of RUNX1 dampens macrophage recruitment and activation. | Macrophage activation in PH. |
Yu et al. [36] | 2022 | Rat model (MCT) | BTK was upregulated and mainly colocalized with macrophages. BTK inhibition suppressed recruitment of M1 polarized macrophage and vascular remodelling in MCT-induced PH. | Macrophage activation and polarization in PH. |
Gu et al. [98] | 2022 | Mouse model (hypoxia, schistosomiasis) | Macrophage subpopulation infiltration increased in the right ventricle after acute hypoxia: CD11clowMHCIIlow and CD11chighMHCIIhigh. | Macrophage subgroups in PH. |
Wang et al. [88] | 2021 | Mouse and rat model (hypoxia) | Pfkfb3 regulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors. PH was ameliorated when Pfkfb3 was suppressed. | Macrophage activation in PH. |
Nakahara et al. [89] | 2021 | Rat model (hypoxia) | IRS2 was downregulated by IL-4 and hypoxia stimulation in macrophages. IRS2 negatively regulated Akt and ERK pathways in macrophages. | Macrophage activation and polarization in PH. |
Ntokou et al. [99] | 2021 | Mouse model (hypoxia) | PDGFb upregulated in macrophages. PDGFb-induced pathological smooth muscle cell expansion. | Macrophage regulates VSMC behavior in PH. |
Kumar et al. [61] | 2020 | Mouse model (hypoxia) | Interstitial macrophages expressed thrombospondin-1 after hypoxia. | Macrophage regulates vasoconstriction in PH. |
Batool et al. [100] | 2020 | Mouse and rat model (hypoxia) | Expression of Stamp2 decreased in macrophages after hypoxic exposure. Stamp2 deficiency led to aggravated pulmonary inflammation and worsening of hypoxia-induced PH. | Macrophage activation in PH. Macrophage regulates VSMC behavior in PH. |
Park et al. [56] | 2020 | Rat model (MCT) | Uptake of macrophage infiltration tracker 68Ga-NOTA-MSA in the lung was observed in both rat PH models and PH patients. | Macrophage infiltration in PH. |
Xi et al. [39] | 2019 | Mouse model (hypoxia) | Increased SGK1 expression in macrophages. SGK1 deficiency inhibited macrophage activation and inflammatory response. | Macrophage activation in PH. |
West et al. [101] | 2019 | Mouse model (hypoxia, BMPR2 knockdown) | BMPR2 suppression in macrophages contributed to pulmonary vascular remodelling. | Macrophage activation in PH. |
Yin et al. [102] | 2017 | Rat model (MCT) | Activation of the P2 × 7R in macrophages. P2 × 7R inhibition suppressed cytokine levels and ameliorated vascular remodelling in PH. | Macrophage activation in PH. |
Saito et al. [103] | 2017 | Rat model (Single Su5416) | A high level of HERV-K expression was observed in perivascular CD68+ cells in PH patients. HERV-K dUTPase was induced by inflammatory stimuli and caused pulmonary hypertension in rat models. | Macrophage activation induced by endogenous retrovirus in PH. |